diff --git a/DESIGN.md b/DESIGN.md
index f2b05c2..366d9e3 100644
--- a/DESIGN.md
+++ b/DESIGN.md
@@ -131,8 +131,11 @@ when the timer ran out, which is a revocation that silently fails at exactly the
 wrong moment. A noisy neighbour or a holiday wants a pause, and re-enrolling for
 that would destroy the audit history that says it was deliberate.
 
-Revoking kills live sessions and drops outstanding challenges, so a revocation
-that races an in-flight authentication cannot be overtaken by it.
+Revoking kills live sessions, drops outstanding challenges, and invalidates
+unused view codes, so a revocation that races an in-flight authentication
+cannot be overtaken by it, and a pre-issued code cannot mint a fresh human
+session after the agent is suspended or dead. Rekey invalidates codes the same
+way: rotating a key must close every door the old key could open.
 
 ### Existing controls stay
 
diff --git a/sigil/store.py b/sigil/store.py
index 319a404..b83a524 100644
--- a/sigil/store.py
+++ b/sigil/store.py
@@ -402,12 +402,30 @@ class Store:
             (int(time.time()), token_hash),
         )
 
+    def invalidate_codes_for_agent(self, agent: str) -> int:
+        """Mark every unused view code for an agent as spent.
+
+        Revoke, suspend, and rekey must close outstanding codes the same way they
+        kill sessions. Leaving a pre-issued code redeemable after compromise
+        revoke or key rotation would mint a fresh human_via_agent session while
+        the agent is supposed to be dead.
+        """
+        with self._write_lock:
+            cur = self.conn.execute(
+                "UPDATE codes SET used_at = ? WHERE agent = ? AND used_at IS NULL",
+                (int(time.time()), agent),
+            )
+            self.conn.commit()
+            return cur.rowcount
+
     def revoke_sessions_for_agent(self, agent: str, reason: str) -> int:
         """Kill every live session for an agent. Used on revoke and rekey.
 
         Rotating a key must not leave old sessions usable, otherwise the new key
-        buys nothing after a compromise.
+        buys nothing after a compromise. Outstanding view codes are invalidated
+        in the same breath so a pre-issued code cannot mint a fresh session.
         """
+        self.invalidate_codes_for_agent(agent)
         cur = self._exec(
             "UPDATE sessions SET revoked_at = ?, revoked_reason = ?"
             " WHERE on_behalf_of = ? AND revoked_at IS NULL",
diff --git a/sigil/viewcodes.py b/sigil/viewcodes.py
index 6fa6986..366eb09 100644
--- a/sigil/viewcodes.py
+++ b/sigil/viewcodes.py
@@ -155,6 +155,22 @@ def redeem_code(store: Store, code: str) -> dict:
 
     agent = row["agent"]
 
+    # Defense in depth: revoke/rekey already invalidate unused codes, but refuse
+    # here too if the agent is currently revoked or missing so a missed
+    # invalidation cannot mint a human_via_agent session.
+    from . import identity as _identity
+    agent_row = store.get_agent(agent)
+    if agent_row is None or _identity.is_revoked(agent_row):
+        if not store.allow(f"code_redeem_fail:{agent}"):
+            raise errors.RateLimited("too many redemption attempts")
+        store.record(
+            "view_code.redeem_refused",
+            actor=agent,
+            subject=f"{agent}'s human",
+            detail={"reason": "agent revoked or unknown"},
+        )
+        raise errors.CodeInvalid("that code is not redeemable")
+
     # Known-agent attempts use the success quota (code_redeem), not the fail
     # bucket. Failures for this agent (expired / already used) charge a
     # per-agent fail bucket so one noisy human cannot lock every agent out.
diff --git a/tests/test_viewcodes.py b/tests/test_viewcodes.py
index c2f116d..3a2384d 100644
--- a/tests/test_viewcodes.py
+++ b/tests/test_viewcodes.py
@@ -142,4 +142,49 @@ class TestAuditTrail(Base):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    unittest.main()
\ No newline at end of file
+    unittest.main()
+
+class TestRevokeAndRekeyCloseViewCodes(Base):
+    """R1: revoke / rekey / suspend must close outstanding view codes."""
+
+    def test_redeem_refused_after_permanent_revoke(self):
+        issued = helpers.issue(self.store, self.private)
+        identity.revoke(self.store, "bigpickle", reason="compromise")
+        with self.assertRaises((errors.CodeInvalid, errors.CodeUsed)):
+            viewcodes.redeem_code(self.store, issued["code"])
+
+    def test_redeem_refused_during_timed_suspension(self):
+        import time
+        issued = helpers.issue(self.store, self.private)
+        identity.revoke(
+            self.store, "bigpickle", until=int(time.time()) + 3600, reason="pause"
+        )
+        with self.assertRaises((errors.CodeInvalid, errors.CodeUsed)):
+            viewcodes.redeem_code(self.store, issued["code"])
+
+    def test_redeem_refused_after_rekey(self):
+        issued = helpers.issue(self.store, self.private)
+        new_private, new_public = keys.generate()
+        secret = identity.seed_bootstrap(self.store, "bigpickle")
+        identity.enrol_rekey(
+            self.store,
+            "bigpickle",
+            keys.export_public_b64(new_public),
+            secret,
+        )
+        # Invalidate-on-rekey marks the code used; redeem must not mint a session.
+        with self.assertRaises((errors.CodeInvalid, errors.CodeUsed)):
+            viewcodes.redeem_code(self.store, issued["code"])
+        # New agent can still mint and redeem a fresh code.
+        fresh = helpers.issue(self.store, new_private)
+        session = viewcodes.redeem_code(self.store, fresh["code"])
+        self.assertEqual(session["kind"], "human_via_agent")
+
+    def test_unused_codes_marked_used_on_revoke(self):
+        issued = helpers.issue(self.store, self.private)
+        digest = viewcodes._hash_code(issued["code"])
+        row = self.store.get_code(digest)
+        self.assertIsNone(row["used_at"])
+        identity.revoke(self.store, "bigpickle")
+        row = self.store.get_code(digest)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(row["used_at"])